Cognitive scheme as a mechanism for reduction of cognitive bias: a processual model of mental reflection
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/BPSY.2025.2(22).1Keywords:
cognitive schema, cognitive bias, heuristics, mental reflection, reflection process, clinical practiceAbstract
Background. This article investigates the content and interrelationship between the concepts of "cognitive schemas" and "cognitive bias." The study aims to develop a conceptual model of the information reflection process that integrates the functioning of cognitive schemas and cognitive bias.
Methods. This study is a theoretical analysis based on a systematic literature review and the conceptual integration of empirical data from different research paradigms.
Results. The article supports the following position: cognitive schemas function as an adaptive mechanism that reduces the number of cognitive biases in information processing. A processual model is presented demonstrating that cognitive bias increases when an individual is unable to apply relevant cognitive schemas to structure experience. The evolution of the concepts of "cognitive schema" (from I. Kant through F. Bartlett to contemporary approaches) and "cognitive bias" (from A. Tversky and D. Kahneman's heuristics to neuroevolutionary explanations) is being analyzed. It is proven that the clinical understanding of cognitive schemas as exclusively dysfunctional formations is insufficient for a complete understanding of their role in the information reflection process.
Conclusions. The author proposes a model of information processing consisting of four stages: 1) receiving input signals; 2) activating the corresponding cognitive schema; 3) processing information within the cognitive schema (paths A, B, C); 4) integrating and consolidating the results into long-term memory. The idea that cognitive scheme functions as an adaptive mechanism that coordinates the work of cognitive biases in the process of information processing is confirmed by modern research in cognitive and neuroevolutionary psychology.
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